Today, due to the limited natural resources of land, rapid population growth, rapid expansion of cities, future land use prediction is very important for land managers, planners and environmental specialists because land use change effect on ecosystem and also threaten vital resources . Modeling and analysis of the phenomenon of Urban development provide comprehensive information to Urban planners and managers to have better and more scientific planning. The main objective of this research is modeling Urban growth for the city of Sanandaj, in the west of Iran using satellite imagery, Geographic Information Systems and logistic regression. The parameters are used in this study, including distance to developed area, distance to main roads, distance to green spaces, elevation, slope, distance to fault, distance to district centers and number of Urban cell in a 3 by 3 neighborhood. Figure of Merit, Kappa coefficient and Percent Correct Match (PCM) have been used to evaluate goodness of fit of proposed model.

This study aimed to identify and evaluate the historical patterns of the Urban development, and to simulate and predict the amount and method of development of Zahedan in future. It sought identify the intervening factors that determine the smart direction of Urban areas and tried to answer this question: Will the development of Urban areas of Zahedan be according to the planning patterns and in accordance with the population growth of the city? This study was done using archived data, remote sensing images of Landsat satellite for ten-year periods from 1991-2021, SLEUTH-3R model for seeing the growth of the Urban areas in the past and forecast its future until 2051, ArcGIS, and Envi software. The results showed that the historical growth pattern of Zahedan had been based on the organic growth, closeness to roads, and the growth of Urban areas in the form of edges. Moreover, the future development of the city will be internal and then the skirts of city. The results of the future development of Zahedan showed that the city will develop towards the west and some parts of the south, which would be suitable and reasonable considering the desirable lands in the west half and the size of the development in future. The results on the physical and demographic development shows decrease in in the population dense from 89 to 57 people per hectare. The issue indicates the more growth of physical dimension of the city than population growth. That is, the city will develop horizontally and dispersedly. Considering the results on the development of the city in the future, the best option for the development of Zahedan will be internal development or intermediate development, which will be on empty and barren lands of the city.

The expansion and growth of cities is a remarkable phenomenon in Urban planning literature, so that unpredictable developments have become more evident in recent decades, especially in cities that have undergone changes in their physical structure following the promotion of their political role. The present paper seeks to identify the factors driving growth in the developed areas of Ardebil city and extract basic factors and variables by investigating development of Ardebil. In this study, 27 variables have been tested in 920 expansion blocks during the years 1996 to 2011 using GIS and factor analysis. Four main groups including congestion factor, external factor, access factor and facilities are identifi ed as driving forces of growth. The fi nal combination of four factors in the Arc GIS environment show that the north, east and south east blocks of Ardebil had a higher score than the other blocks; in other words, these factors have the most effect on the growth of these areas. In addition, the Southwest blocks with the lowest score of between 0 and 2 have had the least impact from among the factors mentioned.

This paper examines the inter-relationship of three major phenomena-population growth, uncontrolled Urban expansion and Urban development in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Uncontrolled Urban expansion has a resultant effect on the Urban development of a city whereas uncontrolled Urban development is caused by uncontrolled population increase is caused by Migration. This work encapsulates how population growth has affected the Urban expansion and resultant land use and Urban development in the city. The methodology adopted the use of both primary and secondary data: the population data from the Demography Division of the Governor’ s Office and the Urban growth Maps (1956 and 2006. Data were analysed and the resulting graphs extrapolated to show the relationship of population growth on Urban expansion and Urban land use/Urban development. Results show a direct correlation between population growth and both Urban expansion and land use/Urban development: between 1966 and 1976 the population dropped; as reflected in the drop in Urban growth in terms spatial expansion of the city and Urban development as there was a decrease in Urban land use for education, industrial, and other land uses. Between 1996 and 2006, the population increased; also reflected on the increase in Urban growth and Urban land uses. Result is useful for Physical, Economic and Strategic Planners in formulating policies for Urban renewal schemes and Development Control. The result is also applicable to medium-sized and small cities, in the Developing Countries.

The rapid expansion of cities, make most of the world faced with many problems. Although population growth is the primary cause of the rapid expansion of cities, however, its unreasonable sprawl will have adverse effects on the natural environment and cultural communities. Many attempts have been made to alleviate the negative effects of cities sprawl that most notably is "smart growth" strategy as one way of opposition to Urban development " sprawl ", in fact, smart growth is alternative to sprawl. In this research, research methodology is descriptive-analytic method. The data has been achieved from Statistical Center of Iran 's statistical block 1390. For this study, data extraction and classification software (SPSS) and (GIS) is used. The Moora method is used to rank neighborhoods. The results show most central neighborhoods have more favorable conditions terms of smart Urban growth indicators than Urban surrounding neighborhoods. Whereas Urban central neighborhoods have more appropriate level than other neighborhoods in term of the main indicators of smart growth such as mixed use, connections, open spaces, infrastructure and car ownership. multi objective optimization ratio analysis(MOORA) ranking test results showed that three neighborhoods 7, 2 and 6, respectively, have the best ranking among the city's 25 neighborhoods and in against Urban surrounding neighborhoods 14, 13 and 4 have the worst condition and ranking among the city’ s neighborhoods. Due to the single-core structure, high levels of car ownership (47 percent) and Amol business-services dominant function, aspect of smart growth strategy can be implement in this city management through make policy in increased mixed uses, make attractive the pedestrian-oriented path and public transport development.

Stability in garden products depends on economic, social and environmental factors. The recognition of the stability level of these factors can be effective in developing sustainable horticulture development strategies and its effect on sustainable livelihoods. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the stability of garden products and its role in the livelihood of household grid operator villages of Bandar-e-Gaz Central District of County. The information required is collected through a questionnaire whose validity is obtained based on the experts of the relevant experts and its reliability by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of this study consists of the garden operators of three, western Gaz and Val-afra, calculated by the Cochran formula of sample size 250. Random sampling method was used to select sample sample. In order to measure the stability of garden products from 45 indexes for economic, social and environmental dimensions and to measure sustainable livelihoods, the grid operator uses 53 indices to separate the dimensions of financial, social, human, environmental and environmental assets. According to the spearman test, the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the garden products on sustainable livelihoods is effective. The results of the Kruskal test show that the stable livelihoods of operators in the three villages have a significant difference to the confidence level of 99 percent. The results of the analysis of one - way independent variance analysis on the level of culture of three villages also stated that there is significant difference in the three factors in three villages by 99 percent level.

Today, in many countries of the world, environmental issues are very important for researchers. In this field, the spatial expansion of Urban heat islands is one of the most important environmental issues. Urban heat islands are formed due to the growth of human activities and the dominance of artificial environments on the natural environments. The main purpose of this research was spatial analysis and identification of Urban heat islands in Rasht metropolitan. In this regard, four main indicators (Density of land use, Green Infrastructure, Transportation, and Urban density) were selected. Environmental studies, Google Earth software, the master plan of Rasht, and the questionnaire method were used to collect information. The pairwise comparison method was used to investigate the relative weight of the indicators. For data analysis, the Arc Map software used spatial analysis tools such as point density, line density, kernel density, interpolation, Euclidean distance, and Zonal Statistic model. Results showed that the transportation index with a coefficient of 0.44 was more important than other indices in the formation of Urban heat islands. The index of the land use density with a comparative weight of 0.341 was the second most important index. The indicators of Urban density and natural infrastructure were the third and fourth most important indicators. According to the results obtained from the overlaying of the indicators, the center of Urban heat islands was identified in Bagharabad, Chelekhane and Bazar neighborhoods. Spatial analysis showed that the spatial expansion of Urban heat island is towards the western neighborhoods of Rasht such as Pirsera and Ziabri. According to the results of the research, in 26% of the Rasht area, the possibility of the formation of Urban heat islands was high and very high. Also, in 48 percent of the neighborhoods of Rasht city, in other words, 26 out of 55 neighborhoods of the city the intensity of Urban heat islands was high and very high. Therefore, managers and city officials must pay more attention to this issue in planning for the future of Rasht City and adopt policies that reduce the negative effects and consequences of this issue.

Developing the scenarios for planning Urban expansion is vitally important for Urban planners especially because of its effects on land-use and improvement of land-use politics. However, Urban expansion as a continuous and contiguous phenomenon is itself under the effect of human decisions and so uncertainty. Thus, in this research by using fuzzy logic, we tried to model the vagueness of Urban expansion. Moreover, to determine the weights of fuzzy rules independent from the idea of experts, genetic algorithms was used to find the best values. In this research by taking three criteria, namely land-value, accessibility and attractiveness, which are three pillars of sustainable development, a fuzzy-cellular automata model was developed to simulate the physical Urban development in Qazvin area, Iran. After that, by setting the model parameters between years 2005 and 2010, the best results for 2010 were achieved. This model attained to the accuracy of 94. 31% based on Cappa Index and 55. 28% based on Figure of merit which is certainly better than previous researches on this area of study. Therefor using the calibrated model, Urban development of year 2015 was simulated. For that year Cappa Index calculated as 88. 73% and Figure of merit calculated equal to 39. 05%. These results show the high performance of this model in the area of Urban land use development. Thus combining cellular automata, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm seems to be successful in simulating geographic phenomena.